Modelling and quantification of structural uncertainties in petroleum reservoirs assisted by a hybrid cartesian cut cell/enriched multipoint flux approximation approach

Efficient and profitable oil production is subject to make reliable predictions about reservoir performance. However, restricted knowledge about reservoir distributed properties and reservoir structure calls for History Matching in which the reservoir model is calibrated to emulate the field observed history. Such an inverse problem yields multiple history-matched models which might result in different predictions of reservoir performance. Uncertainty Quantification restricts the raised model uncertainties and boosts the model reliability for the forecasts of future reservoir behaviour. Conventional approaches of Uncertainty Quantification ignore large scale uncertainties related to reservoir structure, while structural uncertainties can influence the reservoir forecasts more intensely compared with petrophysical uncertainty. What makes the quantification of structural uncertainty impracticable is the need for global regridding at each step of History Matching process. To resolve this obstacle, we develop an efficient methodology based on Cartesian Cut Cell Method which decouples the model from its representation onto the grid and allows uncertain structures to be varied as a part of History Matching process. Reduced numerical accuracy due to cell degeneracies in the vicinity of geological structures is adequately compensated with an enhanced scheme of class Locally Conservative Flux Continuous Methods (Extended Enriched Multipoint Flux Approximation Method abbreviated to extended EMPFA). The robustness and consistency of proposed Hybrid Cartesian Cut Cell/extended EMPFA approach are demonstrated in terms of true representation of geological structures influence on flow behaviour. In this research, the general framework of Uncertainty Quantification is extended and well-equipped by proposed approach to tackle uncertainties of different structures such as reservoir horizons, bedding layers, faults and pinchouts. Significant improvements in the quality of reservoir recovery forecasts and reservoir volume estimation are presented for synthetic models of uncertain structures. Also this thesis provides a comparative study of structural uncertainty influence on reservoir forecasts among various geological structures

PENCATATAN ILMU DALAM PERSPEKTIF HADIS

Books as one of the educational tools that need to support the educational process are important. Because it contains various knowledge that will be transformed to students. Also, including Islamic students. This article will discuss the importance of recording knowledge in the perspective of the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad. This research uses a literature study approach. The primary data sources in this study were the book Shaḥīḥ Al-Bukhāri by Muhammad bin Ismail bin Ibrahim bin Al-Mughirah bin Barduzbah Al-Ju'fi Al-Bukhori and the book Fatḥul Bārī bi Syarḥi Shaḥīḥ al-Bukhāri by Al-Hafizh Ibnu Hajar Al- Asqalani. While secondary data sources in this study are books, journals and other documents related to the discussion in this study. From the results of the research found in Shaḥīḥ al-Bukhāri, there are at least four hadiths relating to the recording of knowledge, namely in hadith numbers 111, 112, 113 and 114. It is also obligatory to record legal knowledge since the time of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. even though a person has a strong memory, it will decrease with age. Recording of knowledge: writing, note-taking and literacy, is one of the important things, so that it can be known or learned by the next generatio

Developing tools for determination of parameters involved in CO₂ based EOR methods

To mitigate the effects of climate change, CO₂ reduction strategies are suggested to lower anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gasses owing to the use of fossil fuels. Consequently, the application of CO₂ based enhanced oil recovery methods (EORs) through petroleum reservoirs turn into the hot topic among the oil and gas researchers. This thesis includes two sections. In the first section, we developed deterministic tools for determination of three parameters which are important in CO₂ injection performance including minimum miscible pressure (MMP), equilibrium ratio (Kᵢ), and a swelling factor of oil in the presence of CO₂. For this purposes, we employed two inverse based methods including gene expression programming (GEP), and least square support vector machine (LSSVM). In the second part, we developed an easy-to-use, cheap, and robust data-driven based proxy model to determine the performance of CO₂ based EOR methods. In this section, we have to determine the input parameters and perform sensitivity analysis on them. Next step is designing the simulation runs and determining the performance of CO₂ injection in terms of technical viewpoint (recovery factor, RF). Finally, using the outputs gained from reservoir simulators and applying LSSVM method, we are going to develop the data-driven based proxy model. The proxy model can be considered as an alternative model to determine the efficiency of CO₂ based EOR methods in oil reservoir when the required experimental data are not available or accessible

The Survivability of Symmetrical Hierarchical Networks with Radial Reserve

In this paper we shall consider the Symmetrical Hierarchical Network (SHN) and show that SHN possesses poor properties of survivability. There are several methods for raising the survivability of SHN. Here we consider the effectiveness of radial reserve to raise the survivability of SHN taking account of destruction of the main radial edges, and radial reserve

Analysis of the factors affecting development of e-banking services in Iran

The present study is to investigate factors affecting the development of e-banking services. In order to achieve the objective stated above, the development of a theoretical framework to study the hypotheses was investigated. For this purpose, eight hypotheses were suggested. Toward solving problems and answering research questions, the following steps were taken including literature survey, mining structures, variables and factors associated with e-banking features. The final questionnaire was prepared and distributed among experts. Field studies and collect primary data were regarded as the data for analysis. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the financial instruments of economic infrastructure, technical infrastructure, infrastructure management and policy, social and cultural infrastructure, legal infrastructure and infrastructure Ansanyu electronic banking services

Analysis of the factors affecting development of e-banking services in Iran

The present study is to investigate factors affecting the development of e-banking services. In order to achieve the objective stated above, the development of a theoretical framework to study the hypotheses was investigated. For this purpose, eight hypotheses were suggested. Toward solving problems and answering research questions, the following steps were taken including literature survey, mining structures, variables and factors associated with e-banking features. The final questionnaire was prepared and distributed among experts. Field studies and collect primary data were regarded as the data for analysis. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the financial instruments of economic infrastructure, technical infrastructure, infrastructure management and policy, social and cultural infrastructure, legal infrastructure and infrastructure Ansanyu electronic banking services